Plants are divided into three groups: annuals, biennials, and perennials. The first group lives one growing season. The second lives two growing seasons. The third lives three or many more growing seasons, such as a tree. Bristlecone pines live the longest at 5,000 years. The creosote bush is thought to be 12,000 years old but it basically clones itself so that may "not count" as far as some people are concerned. The shorest lived plants are summer annuals or spring annuals living only a few weeks in some cases such as various weeds that get in your lawn, then two weeks later they've already bloomed and died. For example, sometimes dandelions and white clovers and so on live for only very short periods of time in your lawn.
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