What are the most common surname prefixes or endings, for example Mc, Mac or -son?

In the Netherlands, this is probably the ending "son". In Dutch a son is called "zoon"
In names this changed into "sen". A few examples:
(Jan) John's son became: Jansen
(Piet) Pete's son became: Pietersen
These are the most used surnames in the Netherlands.

We do not have prefixes. We do have a lot of in-between-names which were an indication that a person was from a specific region or town. It translates into "from". In Dutch that is "van" in German "von".
In the US they often see this "van" as a prefix of the surname which is not correct.

Examples:
Jan van Vliet
Paul van Itterzon

In Ireland, the most common prefixes are Mac or Mc meaning "son of" and "O'" meaning "grandson of".

Neu is German for new: Neuman(n), Neuberger, Nieman(n), Nauman(n)."

If a name ends in -mann, -burg, -berg, lich, -stein or t(h)al, it is a likely indication that the name is German. But in certain settlement areas, these endings could also refer to Swedish and Russian Jewish backgrounds."

There are German place names ending in -burg (castle), -bruck (bridge); -furt (ford), -berg (mountain), -reuth, -rode (clearing in woods).

http://freepages.rootsweb.com/~danecountyfamilies/genealogy/origins.html

My last name ends in sen. People are always misspelling it. I am of Norwegian descent(among other things). The Danes also use sen rather than son.

In honor of dino335 I offer the following:

Members of the noblilty use patronomikons as surnames. This takes the form of (name)-sen in Denmark and Norway and (name)-son in Sweden. Noble women use the suffix -datter, -dottir, or -dotter in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, respectively to indicate who their father was. Sometimes noble women keep this surname after marriage. Honorifics are "herr" for men and "fru" for women.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavian_family_name_etymology