6. In 2014 this chemical company, with headquarters in Wilmington, was the world's 4th largest chemical company. In the 2017 it merged with Dow Chemical Company. It was formed as a gunpowder company in the early 19th century by which French immigrant?
From Quiz The First State: Delaware History
Answer:
Éleuthère Irénée du Pont de Nemours
Éleuthère Irénée du Pont de Nemours was born June 24, 1771 in Paris, France to Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours and Nicole-Charlotte Marie-Louise le Dée de Rencourt. Pierre had been the protégé of Dr. François Quesnay, the physician to Madame de Pompadour (Louis XV's mistress) and a leader of a political faction known as the économistes. The économistes, also known as physiocrats, were liberals who were dedicated to economic and agricultural reforms. And Pierre would become a prominent member of the group, drawing the attention of intellectuals such as Voltaire. His 1768 book "Physiocratie, ou Constitution naturelle du gouvernement le plus avantageux au genre humain" would advocate free trade among nations while in the mid-1770s the king of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth would invite him to help organize the country's educational system. Louis XVI would appoint him to the position of France's Inspector General of Commerce. Pierre also had a hand in negotiating the 1783 Treaty of Paris which officially ended the American Revolution. In 1784 Pierre was made a noble and had the suffix de Nemours (of Nemours) added to his name to reflect where his place of residence was. The same year Nicole-Charlotte died of typhoid. In 1795 he'd marry Marie Françoise Robin de Poivre, daughter of a French aristocrat and the widow of Pierre Poivre
Éleuthère Irénée, the third son of Pierre and Nicole-Charlotte and one of only two to reach adulthood, grew up on his father's estate near Égreville. As a boy he was studious in most of his studies, though he showed particular interest in explosives. In the fall of 1785, fourteen year old Éleuthère Irénée entered the Collège Royal (today the Collège de France). At sixteen he became a student at the Régie des poudres after having been accepted as an apprentice by the noted chemist Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier, a friend of his father's. The Régie des poudres was the government agency in charge of the manufacturing of French gunpowder. From Lavoisier the young du Pont would gain expertise in nitrate extraction and manufacture as well as studying techniques for the production of advanced explosives that would suit him well later in life. He'd briefly serve at the French powder works in Essone. In 1791 he married Sophie Madeleine Dalmas.
Éleuthère Irénée joined his father in supporting the French Revolution and was a member of the pro-revolution Republican guard in the early 1790s. However, this did not stop the two defending Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette during their escape from Tuileries Palace. Pierre then refused to go along with the execution of Louis XVI, which caused father and son to be viewed as a liability to the revolution. In 1794 Pierre was arrested and sentenced to execution, only managing to survive as the Reign of Terror came to a close before he was to be guillotined. In 1797 both Pierre and Éleuthère Irénée were imprisoned for a night in La Force prison. This event would convince the elder du Pont to immigrate with to the United States, bringing with him his second wife, sons Victor Marie and Éleuthère Irénée, and their families. The du Pont's would leave France late in 1799, arriving in Rhode Island New Year's Day 1800.
According to Delaware legend, it was a hunting trip that convinced Éleuthère Irénée to go into the gunpowder business in the United States. While hunting with former French artillery officer, Major Louis de Tousard. Tousard, at the time, was employed by the United States Army to procure gunpowder. While hunting du Pont's rifle misfired due to the inferior quality American gunpowder it was loaded with. Du Pont requested a tour of an American gunpowder factory. Tousard arranged the tour for him where he learned that the American process of refining gunpowder could not compete with the processes he'd learned as a young man.
Du Pont determined that he could enhance the quality of American gunpowder and at the same time bring reform to the American gunpowder industry. In the early 1800s he formed the E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, establishing the Eleutherian Mills on Brandywine Creek just north of Wilmington. The E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company would become better known simply as DuPont.