House of York Trivia

1. Who was it that had the two princes lodged in the Tower of London?

From Quiz Two Princes

Answer: Duke of Gloucester

When King Edward IV died in April 1483, there were only two remaining sons from his marriage to Elizabeth Woodville. The two sons were Edward and Richard and it was the oldest of these two brothers who was supposed to be crowned king. The brother of Edward IV, the Duke of Gloucester, had other plans. Gloucester had their uncle, Anthony Woodville and their half-brother, Sir Richard Grey, arrested and beheaded. He also went after the young boys, ultimately keeping them in the Tower of London.

From Quiz Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury

Answer: Princess Mary

Margaret's installation as governess to the Princess Mary showcases the esteem in which the court held her. Margaret well knew court etiquette and was highly religious as were Catherine and Henry. After Henry repudiated his wife and married Anne Boleyn the princess continued to visit both parents, usually in the company of Margaret who encouraged Mary to stand fast.

From Quiz The Life and Times of Richard III

Answer: Robert Stillington

Robert Stillington was Edward IV's Lord Chancellor and the Bishop of Bath and Wells. Following the death of Edward IV, Richard, whom Edward had named Regent and Lord Protector in his will, took charge of Edward's two sons, Edward V and Richard. He brought them to London and housed them in the royal apartments in the Tower of London. Plans were set in motion for Edward V's coronation. However, sometime between the end of April and June 13, 1483, Stillington came forward with information that he had witnessed the contract of betrothal between Edward IV and Lady Eleanor Butler (aka Talbot), daughter of the Earl of Shrewsbury, prior to Edward's clandestine marriage to Elizabeth Woodville, mother of Edward V and his younger brother Richard. A contract of betrothal was as binding as a marriage contract and under English common law of the time Edward IV's subsequent marriage to Elizabeth Woodville was bigamous. It was for this reason that Richard deposed Edward V. Buckingham, Hastings and Lovell were all real people and all featured largely in the life of Richard III.

From Quiz The First York

Answer: Normandy, France

Edward IV of York was born on 28th April, 1442, at Rouen in Normandy, the headquarters of his father, Richard, Duke of York, then serving as Henry VI's lieutenant-general in France. His high birth alone would have been sufficient enough to secure of Edward a leading place in the politics and society of his age.

From Quiz Queens of England: Elizabeth Woodville

Answer: Second St. Albans

Sir John Grey fought on the Lancastrian side in the first battle of St Albans.

From Quiz Know Your Yorks?

Answer: Henry VI

From Quiz Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury

Answer: George, Duke of Clarence

She was attainted when her father was executed for treason after plotting against his brother Edward IV. How much was real plotting and how many of the accusations were strictly political is truly unknown but a very interesting field of study. This attainting was in part what kept her from the throne. Edward IV was her uncle, Richard her grandfather and Sir Reginald didn't exist but she did have a son Cardinal Reginald Pole.

From Quiz The Life and Times of Richard III

Answer: Sir William Catesby, Sir Richard Ratcliff, Lord Francis Lovell and Richard III

Catesby, Ratcliff, and Lovell were Yorkist supporters and close friends of Richard III. The two lines of doggerel were written by William Collingbourne, former steward of Cecily Neville's properties in Wiltshire. Richard had dismissed Collingbourne and replaced him with Lord Francis Lovell. Collingbourne, no doubt ticked off at what he perceived to be an injustice (however, there is some evidence that he had been in treasonable correspondence with Henry Tudor, later Henry VII, and some historians believe that was the reason Richard had him dismissed), wrote the verse and had it pinned to the doors of several churches - including Westminster Abbey. He was later hanged for treason (q.v. the correspondence with Henry Tudor). It is certainly true that Richard rewarded his friends for their loyalty, giving them high offices. The doggerel was preserved for posterity in Robert Fabyan's 'Chronicle'.

From Quiz The First York

Answer: Lionel of Antwerp, Duke of Clarence

If descent in the female line were to be allowed, then Edward's claim to the throne was better than that of Henry VI himself, for through his grandmother, Anne Mortimer, he was directly descended from John of Gaunt's elder brother, Lionel, Duke of Clarence.

From Quiz Queens of England: Elizabeth Woodville

Answer: Two

John and Elizabeth had two sons, Thomas and Richard.

From Quiz Know Your Yorks?

Answer: two

From Quiz Two Princes

Answer: Westminster Abbey

Neither the Duke of Gloucester nor young Edward were in London at the time of the death of King Edward IV. Gloucester sought out Edward and escorted him back to London, where he was lodged in the tower. This was customary at the time for future monarchs before their coronation. However, following the arrest of her brother, Anthony, Elizabeth Woodville, took her youngest son Richard and her two daughters and sought sanctuary at Westminster Abbey. Some time between May and June 1483, young Richard was also brought to the tower.

From Quiz The Life and Times of Richard III

Answer: Cecily Neville, Duchess of York, Richard's mother

Cecily Neville was born at Raby Castle in Durham in 1415. She was the daughter of Ralph Neville, 1st Earl of Westmoreland and his wife Joan Beaufort, daughter of John of Gaunt. In 1437 Cecily (who was also known as Proud Cis because she had a very healthy ego and a hot temper) married Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York in 1437. Although theirs was an arranged marriage, it appears to have been a happy one and the couple had 13 children (Richard was the twelfth child), seven of whom grew to adulthood. Cecily was aunt to the powerful Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick aka The Kingmaker, mother to two kings - Edward IV and Richard III, and grandmother to a queen - Elizabeth of York who married Henry VII. In 1469, the Earl of Warwick began spreading rumours that his cousin Edward was not the true son of the Duke of York and that his Aunt Cecily had committed adultery with one Blaybourne, an archer at Rouen where Edward was born. Even though Warwick had made similar accusations against Margaret of Anjou, wife of Henry VI, some of the taint stuck. In her later years, Cecily lived retired, devoting herself to religious duties, and she died in 1495.

From Quiz The First York

Answer: The Nevilles of Warwick

Lady Cecily was a member of the powerful and numerous Neville clan which came to play a large part in English politics in the 1450's and seems to have inherited the startling fecundity of that family.

From Quiz Queens of England: Elizabeth Woodville

Answer: Jane Grey

Thomas Grey, Marquis of Dorset, was the great-grandfather of Jane Grey, who was queen for nine days.

From Quiz Know Your Yorks?

Answer: Tewkesbury, Sandal Castle, Ludlow

From Quiz Two Princes

Answer: A precontract of marriage by Edward IV

By an Act of Parliament known as Titulus Regius, the boys' claim to the throne was confirmed as illegitimate. Titulus Regius states that the marriage of Edward IV and Elizabeth Woodville was not valid because Edward IV had a pre-marriage contract with another woman, Lady Eleanor Butler. A pre-marriage contract is a legal contract that was quite common at the time. Because of this, the boys were considered illegitimate. This paved the way for the boys uncle, Duke of Gloucester, to take the throne, crowned as Richard III.

From Quiz Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury

Answer: second cousins

Henry's mother, Elizabeth, was Margaret's first cousin. Elizabeth's father Edward IV was the brother of Margaret's father George. Oh what a tangled web we weave...

From Quiz The Life and Times of Richard III

Answer: Three, perhaps four

Richard and his wife Anne Neville had one son, Edward, known as Edward of Middleham, born in 1473. He died in 1484. Richard had other children, born before his marriage to Anne in 1472, and he recognized and provided for both of them. John of Gloucester was born c. 1470. In March 1485 when he was still in his mid-teens John ("our dear bastard son") was appointed Captain of Calais by his father. John was executed on Henry VII's orders in 1491, when he was 21. He never married and left no known descendants. John's younger sister Katherine Plantagenet became the second wife of William Herbert, Earl of Huntingdon, and Richard III paid for the wedding. Katherine died sometime between 1486 and 1487. She had no children. There is a putative third illegitimate child, known as Richard Plantagenet or Richard of Eastwell. The only evidence for his existence was found in the parish register of Eastwell Parish Church, which records the burial of one 'Rychard Plantagenet' in 1550. There is no record among Richard III's papers of Richard of Eastwell or a Richard Plantagenet living at Eastwell.

From Quiz The First York

Answer: The Earl of March

The first direct contemporary reference to Edward was by the style of Earl of March. However it was probably sometime before, that Henry VI had been prevailed upon to create Edward, Earl of March, though no record of the creation has been preserved. (However Wikipedia notes his appearance.)

From Quiz Queens of England: Elizabeth Woodville

Answer: Duke of Bedford

Jacquetta was married to Henry VI's uncle, John Beaufort, the Duke of Bedford.

From Quiz Know Your Yorks?

Answer: Francis Lovell

Lovell and Richard were friends since childhood.

From Quiz Two Princes

Answer: Summer 1483

When the boys were lodged in the tower, it was believed they lived in the inner rooms of the tower and as the spring turned to summer 1483, they were seen less and less. The last known sightings of them were in the summertime when the boys were seen playing outside. There was a rescue attempt in July that was not successful. That summer, they completely disappeared.

From Quiz Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury

Answer: Cardinal Reginald Pole

As a boy Reginald was a protégé of Henry VIII and Henry gave him every possible educational advantage including university abroad. Reginald turned out to be Henry's nemesis when it came to the divorce (though his brother later helped the king with the matter of Anne's removal)and after Henry's death was considered a serious suitor for the hand of the Catholic Princess Mary.

From Quiz The Life and Times of Richard III

Answer: Richard's mistress prior to his marriage

Little is known of Katherine Haute, who some believe to have been the mother of two of Richard's illegitimate children, John of Gloucester and Katherine Plantagenet. His liaison with Katherine preceded Richard's 1472 marriage to Anne Neville. Katherine is mentioned in Richard's household records as his pensioner, receiving five pounds per annum (a goodly sum in those days) and as living in East Anglia where Richard had land holdings.

From Quiz The First York

Answer: October 1460

With the Act of Accord, it was proved that the lords were less attached to Margaret of Anjou and her son, Prince Edward - they may have believed in the rumours that he was not Henry VI's son - and agreed to accept York and his male issue as right heirs to the throne in the death or earlier abdication of King Henry.

From Quiz Queens of England: Elizabeth Woodville

Answer: May 1464

Elizabeth and Edward wed in May 1464 at her parents' home at Grafton Regis.

From Quiz Know Your Yorks?

Answer: Parliament declared that the children of his brother, the king, were illegitimate so he was the rightful king

From Quiz Two Princes

Answer: They were murdered

It was widely believed right from the beginning that the two young princes were murdered. Rumours that they were murdered spread immediately following their disappearance and have persisted throughout history. There was a rebellion against Richard III in 1483 which is believed to have taken place as a result of an attempt to rescue the boys, believing their lives were in imminent danger. Early reports by Rochefort, Philippe de Commines (French politician), Caspar Weinreich (a German chronicler), and Jan Allertz (a recorder of Rotterdam) all point to Richard III having murdered the boys so he could take the throne.

From Quiz Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury

Answer: Five

Margaret had her children in rapid succession, who knows how many she might have had if she had not been widowed so very young. She never married again, it is not known if it was because she was devoted to her husband or that she simply enjoyed the status of widow and the freedoms it entailed.

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