Immune System Trivia

1. What is the primary component of pus?

From Quiz The Wonder of Pus

Answer: Dead white cells

Pus is primarily composed of dead white blood cells and bacteria, with tissue debris and serum. If from the lungs or eyes, it can also contain mucus and may contain blood in more serious cases.

From Quiz Immunology

Answer: adaptive, innate

The innate immunity carries out the initial response to pathogens and activates the adaptive immune system. The innate immunity is not specific and can respond to most, if not all, antigens. It does not provide long-lasting immunity. The adaptive immunity is highly specific and tailored to a specific antigen. It provides long-lasting immunity against the specific antigen.

From Quiz The Immune System

Answer: immunologist & allergist

The emergence of AIDS in the 1980s has prompted extensive research and an expanded understanding of the immune system.

From Quiz The Wonder of Pus

Answer: Bacterial or fungal infection

Pus is the result of the white cells of the immune system attacking an enemy infection and is the waste product of the mass death and release of both. Small boils will clear on their own and often not burst, while larger ones often require drainage by minor surgery whether internal or external. Injury may well result in the creation of pus if infection follows, but not directly.

From Quiz The Wonder of Pus

Answer: A carbuncle has more than one head

A boil is anything conical with a head from a small pimple to something needing immediate medical attention. Worse still, when they extend to spread and create multiple heads they become carbuncles and can be far more dangerous. It is the same type of surface formation as a simple volcano compared to a complex caldera.

From Quiz The Immune System

Answer: Feet

Lymph nodes provide one of the most important defense mechanisms for the body.

From Quiz The Wonder of Pus

Answer: Antibiotics and drainage

Depending on its progress, a boil may need lancing or a drain tube to free the pus, or an initial application of magnesium sulphate to attack the infection from outside, with oral antibiotics if it does not improve. Surgery is a last resort for internal abscesses. A warm wet towel can also be applied to small pimples to reduce the swelling.

From Quiz Inflammation

Answer: exudate

Transudate is an ultrafiltrate of blood which is low in protein and leaves blood vessels due to osmotic pressure in capillaries. Pus and blood can be present in inflamed areas, but they are not produced during the process.

From Quiz The Immune System

Answer: Acquired active immunity

In acquired active immunity, antibodies are produced that protect the body upon second exposure.

From Quiz The Wonder of Pus

Answer: Mucus and blood

Because infection and, often, some type of physical damage cause the creation of pus, such as an infected wound, more serious damage will contain blood. Mucus is present most often when the infection is of the respiratory system, and an infection escalates from the lungs producing phlegm to the presence of pus. If phlegm turns from green to yellow it contains pus and may require treatment with antibiotics. It can also be present where any mucous membrane is infected, such as conjunctivitis of the eye.

From Quiz Immunology

Answer: co-stimulators

Examples of co-stimulatory molecules are B7 and CD28, which are molecules expressed on the surface of T cells, APCs and B cells. These molecules must bind to each other to complete T-cell activation.

From Quiz The Immune System

Answer: Antigen

A complement destroys dangerous {cells;} humor is watery fluid {in;} the {body;} thymosin is a hormone found in the thymus gland.

From Quiz The Wonder of Pus

Answer: Abscess

A boil is a type of abscess, external, relatively small and with a single head. Any collection of pus is an abscess and can form in any part of the body. The internal types are the most dangerous as it can take time to find them and they need immediate treatment.

From Quiz Immunology

Answer: B cells

B cells begin to produce and secrete antibodies after being activated by T cells or antigens.

From Quiz The Immune System

Answer: Hay fever

It was originally called 'farmer's lung' and was caused by an allergic reaction to the fungi and spores in the hay.

From Quiz Inflammation

Answer: dilation of arterioles

Histamine is widely distributed, being present in mast cells, basophils and platelets. It is released in response to physical injury or during an immune reaction, especially allergic reactions. Histamine also causes an increase in the vascular permeability of venules. Serotonin has similar effects.

From Quiz Immunology

Answer: class switching

After activation, some B cells will class switch to produce a different isotype of immunoglobulin. This is controlled by cytokines secreted by T helper cells. The five different isotypes of a particular antibody all have the same specificity for a particular antigen, but they function in different parts of the body such as mucosal surfaces, tissue or blood.

From Quiz The Wonder of Pus

Answer: Maggots

As maggots naturally eat faeces and rotting tissue, but not healthy tissue, they can clean wounds better than any surgical method. Maggots are now bred for any injuries, surgery or ulcers which refuse to heal and begin to die (necrotise), and will drop off when all the bad tissue is eaten. It sounds unpleasant but maggots are nature's cleaners.

From Quiz Immunology

Answer: All are correct

Immunodeficiency is a condition where the immune system fails to function properly resulting in increased susceptibility to infections or recurrent infections.

From Quiz The Immune System

Answer: Spleen

The spleen is located in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen, behind the stomach. Red blood cells are filtered through the spleen, where old blood cells are destroyed.

From Quiz The Wonder of Pus

Answer: Staphylococcus aureus

Although pus is usually caused by a number of bacteria at once, S. aureus is the major cause and component of it. It is often present on surfaces and can enter through any break in the skin, causing typical pimples and boils. The MRSA bacteria, methycillin resistant staphylococcus aureus, eats flesh as it is so hard to wipe out with antibiotics. It necrotises wounds progressively, usually in immune compromised patients who are recovering from illnesses in hospital. Treatments based more on natural substances are beginning to show promise but there is currently no universally effective treatment for it. Clostridium is less common but far more deadly. Herpes zoster is chicken pox which creates pimples filled with a clear fluid which then turns white and is usually reabsorbed into the body rather than bursting.

From Quiz Inflammation

Answer: Platelet-Activating Factor (PAF)

PAF is present in many sources including platelets (naturally), basophils, mast cells, neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages and endothelium. Nitrous oxide is produced by endothelial cells, macrophages and specific neurons in the brain and directly affects the paracrine system. Effects include vasodilation, reduction in platelet aggregation and adhesion, reduction in leukocyte migration and it is involved in the pathogenesis of shock. Prostaglandins cause vasodilation and are the main chemical causes of fever and pain (in conjunction with bradykinin). Complement opsonises (coats) microbes making them more susceptible to phagocytosis, whilst attracting neutrophils to the location via chemotaxis. C3b and C5a bring about the lysis of microbes by the Membrane Attack Complex (MAC).

From Quiz The Immune System

Answer: White & W & white blood cell

A monocyte is a white blood cell found in lymph nodes, the spleen, and bone marrow. It is a phagocytic cell that engulfs and kills bacteria and plays a role in killing tumor cells.

From Quiz Inflammation

Answer: arthritis

Arthritis is the leading cause of disability in adults over the age of 55, but there is more than just one type. The most common type is osteoarthritis, a degenerative disease of the joints, which results from physical trauma, infection or age. Rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis are autoimmune diseases where the body's own immune system attacks the joints causing chronic inflammation. Gouty arthritis is caused by the deposition of uric acid crystals in the joint, resulting in arthritis.

From Quiz Inflammation

Answer: chronic & chronic inflammation

Chronic inflammation can be caused by persistent infection by certain microorganisms (e.g. mycobacterium tuberculosis) or prolonged exposure to potentially toxic agents or an autoimmune disease e.g. rheumatoid arthritis.

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