In the National Hockey League, if a goalie is pulled early in a game, are there any circumstances in which he can resume playing the position?

There is no restriction on the goalie re-entering the game. Pulling the goalie for an extra skater is a strategic move on the part of the head coach. "a team shall be permitted to make a player substitution to replace a goalkeeper who had been substituted for an extra attacker, to replace an injured player, or when a penalty has been assessed which affects the on-ice strength of either team. The determination of players on ice will be made when the puck leaves the offending player's stick. Goalkeepers' substitution during a game will be conducted within the same time frame as a regular line change. No extra time will be allotted to the goalkeeper coming off the bench, except in the case where an injury to a goalkeeper occurs." -from http://www.nhl.com/nhl/en/v3/ext/pdfs/2012-13_RuleBook.pdf (page 117)