I'm fairly sure he doesn't have one in the Sherlock Holmes stories by Arthur Conan Doyle.
He may have one in some of the hundreds of subsequent films based on the books. If he did it would probably be one that curiously didn't bark in the night time.
My husband is a Sherlock Holmes expert. He gave me the following information.
Sherlock Holmes never had a dog of his own, according to the Canon (the Canon is what SH fans call the complete collection of Sherlock Holmes stories).
He did, however, borrow other people's dogs on occasion. For example, he borrowed Toby from Sherman to track the killer of Sholto in "Sign of Four". Toby is half spaniel, half lurcher. Pompey was the draghound he used to track Godfrey Staunton in "The Missing Three Quarter".
"The Hound of the Baskervilles" probably needs no introduction.
Some other significant mention of dogs in the Canon include the following:
Watson had a bull pup BEFORE he moved into 221B Baker Street in the firt Sherlock Holmes book "A Study in Scarlet". It was not named and never heard of again.
Victor Trevor's bull terrier bit Holmes on the ankle in "The Gloria Scott".
Holmes contemplated writing a monograph about dogs in detective work in "The Creeping Man".
Mother Goose is absolutly right except that it is very likely that Watson probably never actually had a bull pup, since the phrase "to keep a bull pup" means having a bit of a temper. That would explain why it was never heard from after that.
Just a minor correction; no disrespect intended :)
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