What is the difference in the position of the sun in the sky between winter and summer?

The sun's position will be on the far side of the equator for the autumn and winter months, and on the close side in the spring and summer. (If you are in the northern hemisphere, the sun will cross over the equator on September 23rd, and be over the southern hemisphere until March 23rd, when it will cross over again to warm your hemisphere in the northern summer.)

The apparent path of the Sun is an arc starting at sunrise, arcing to its highest point at noon (GMT) and end at the point of sunset.
At autumn equinox (Sept 22nd/23rd in the northern hemisphere, March 21st/22nd in the southern hemisphere) sunrise is (almost exactly) in the east and sunset (almost exactly) in the west.
As autumn and winter progress, the point of sunrise moves south as does the point of sunset. The Sun moves at the same speed across the sky but it rises later, sets earlier and the arc is shorter.
Beyond the Arctic and Antarctic circles the path gets so short that the Sun no longer rises at all.
Within those circles the Sun's path is shortest at the winter solstice (Dec 21st/22nd in the northern hemisphere, June 21st/22nd in the southern hemisphere). After that date the point of sunrise and sunset move north until the sun rises in the east and sets in the west on the spring equinox.
The point of sunrise and sunset then move north and the path gets longer until it is longest at the summer solstice.

http://www-spof.gsfc.nasa.gov/stargaze/Ssky.htm

Note that the Sun is always in the south at noon GMT and because of the Earth's rotation, the Sun appears to orbit at a rate of once per 24 hours.
Meanwhile a watch's hour hand rotates twice as fast, that is once every 12 hours.
This means that if you have a watch set to GMT and point the hour hand at the Sun, then south is halfway between that hour hand and 12.
That works in summer or winter of course.

In a long answer I almost always make at least one trademark error.
Replace "Within" by "Between" and it makes more sense.

The sun will rise and set exactly in the east and west only if you are at the equator on the equinoxes, or at the tropic of cancer on June 21st or the tropic of capricorn on December 22nd. This is how one can measure latitude during the day. If you know exactly what date it is, you can measure the position of the sun in the sky at exactly noon. Knowing how many degrees lie between the sun's zenith and the equator, and how many still are between it and you, you can easily calculate your own latitude. At noon, the sun will be directly south of you if you are further from the equator than he tropic of cancer, and directly north of you if you are further away than the tropic of capricorn.

I missed that last post.
To the first part, Arpy, er...no. Thanks to atmospheric effects I had to put "almost" but the Sun rises roughly in the east and sets in the west on the equinoxes wherever you are on the globe not just on the equator. Thinking about where the Sun is compared to the Earth's axis might help.
And it certainly doesn't rise in the east and set in the west on the solstices (re-read my last post).
You are right about the latitude part though.