Circulatory and Endocrine Systems Trivia

1. Hemoglobin is a protein found in our red blood cells. We must have a certain amount. Which hemoglobin level indicates that the patient requires a transfusion?

From Quiz Hematology

Answer: 7 g/dL

A level of 7 g/dL means the person has severe anemia and requires a blood transfusion. 16-18 g/dL is the range for a male. At 10 g/dL, the person has mild anemia.

From Quiz Adrenal Diseases and Dysfunction

Answer: Cushing's syndrome

From Quiz Hematology

Answer: hypersegmented neutrophils and macroovalocytes

Larger red blood cells (macroovalocytes) and hypersegmented neutrophils are characteristic of megaloblastic anemia. Microcytes are typical of iron deficiency anemia. Hypolobulated neutrophils (e.g., Pinz-nez) are often seen in inherited conditions.

From Quiz Adrenal Diseases and Dysfunction

Answer: Schmidt's syndrome

From Quiz Hormones and Gland Diseases

Answer: Pituitary

A deficiency of ADH from the pituitary gland causes the kidneys to excrete large amounts of urine, which can lead to serious dehydration. The urine does not contain glucose (body sugar).

From Quiz Hematology

Answer: Philadelphia chromosome

The Philadelphia chromosome results from a balanced translocation between chromosomes 9 and 21. The altered chromosome 21 with the bcr-abl fusion gene is strongly associated with CML. The other conditions are due to extra chromosomes and are not related to CML.

From Quiz Adrenal Diseases and Dysfunction

Answer: British

Addision described the disease and identified the cause in 1855 and the illness was later named after him in recognition of his work.

From Quiz Hormones and Gland Diseases

Answer: Growth Hormone (GH)

When the excess secretion of GH occurs in adults, all of the flat bones become thickened, the hands are usually broad and spade-like, and the paranasal sinus are markedly enlarged. There is no abnormal increase in body height.

From Quiz Hematology

Answer: alpha 2, beta 2

Each hemoglobin consists of four globin chains. The most common adult hemoglobin, Hgb A1 consists of 2 alpha and 2 beta chains. Alpha2 delta 2 is the composition of Hgb A2; alpha2 gamma 2 makes up fetal hemoglobin; beta 4 is the composition of an abnormal hemoglobin in alpha thalassemias.

From Quiz My Red, Red Blood

Answer: Leukopenia

Leukopenia is the term used for the state in which there is an abnormally low number of white blood cells in the blood. This condition can be seen in diseases like advanced human immuno-deficiency virus (HIV) infection or toxicities of drugs like chloramphenicol and anti-cancer drugs. Leukopenia can be diagnosed by taking a complete blood count from a sample of a patient's blood. Treatment would involve identifying the underlying cause of leukopenia.

From Quiz Hormones and Gland Diseases

Answer: Cushing's Disease

ACTH stimulates the cortex of the adrenal glands which results in a marked increase in the synthesis of adrenal steroids (cortisols). Patients who receive too much cortisone-like medication over a long period of time develop manifestations similar to Cushing's disease.

From Quiz Hematology

Answer: beta chain

In thalassemias, one of the adult hemoglobin chains is not produced or produced in lesser amounts. In beta thalassemias, the beta chain is not made. As a result, Hb A1 (alpha 2 beta 2), the major adult hemoglobin is not made. This leads to major organ damage, growth retardation and anemia. The zeta chain is only made in embryonic life.

From Quiz Adrenal Diseases and Dysfunction

Answer: pituitary gland

Secondary adrenal insufficiency is usually secondary to a pituitary malfunction such as a pituitary tumor, pituitary disease, or prolonged use of a steriod medication which affects the gland's normal ACTH secretion.

From Quiz Hormones and Gland Diseases

Answer: Dogs

In humans the disease occurs in only about 10 persons per one million population. It is more common in dogs than cats.

From Quiz Hematology

Answer: 30,000/microliter

Platelets or thromobocytes are tiny "cells" which initiate the blood clotting process in response to cuts or tissue trauma. The normal level of platelets is 150-400,000 per microliter. With lower levels of platelets petechiae or hemorrhages under the skin are seen. Very low platelet levels cause spontaneous internal hemorrhages including fatal brain hemorrhages.

From Quiz Anemia Comes In All Sizes

Answer: Iron deficiency

Iron deficiency is the most common cause of a small-celled (microcytic) anemia. As was mentioned in the information section of question #1, developing red blood cells begin in the bone marrow with scant cytoplasm and contain no hemoglobin. As the cell develops, the cell nucleus shrinks and is extruded from the cell. The non-nucleated cell is released from the bone marrow into the circulation. While this is happening, the volume of cytoplasm expands and hemoglobin is synthesized. When adequate iron is unavailable, the nucleus matures and is extruded leading to release of the blood cell into the circulation and the cessation of hemoglobin synthesis before there is adequate hemoglobin or the usual volume of cytoplasm. Because of this, the cells are much smaller than normal. Other processes that interfere with adequate hemoglobin synthesis can produce microcytic anemia.

From Quiz Adrenal Diseases and Dysfunction

Answer: autoimmunity

Autoimmunity, the body's strange abitily to attack and damage its own tissues, is the cause of most cases of Addison's Disease.

From Quiz Hormones and Gland Diseases

Answer: Pancreas

The cells in the Islets of Langerhans produce insulin. Lack of insulin production in children or a decreased release of insulin in adults causes diabetes mellitus (Usually just called diabetes).

From Quiz Hematology

Answer: Vitamin B12 deficiency

Vitamin B12 and/or folate deficiency causes megaloblastic anemia. This results from the precursor cells not being able to make DNA properly. The red cell precursors will have nuclear-cytoplasmic asynchronu=y where the cytoplasm matures faster than the nucleus. The resulting cells are larger than normal (megaloblastic). Iron (Fe) deficiency causes a microcytic anemia where the red blood cells are too small. Vitamin C deficiency causes scurvy while vitamin A deficiency causes skin problems and night blindness.

From Quiz Adrenal Diseases and Dysfunction

Answer: sodium and potassium balance

Sodium and potassium are electrolytes that, when not in a correct ratio, can have a serious affect on the heart rate and blood pressure. In Addison's Disease, the patient cannot retain soduim. This results in strong cravings for salt and salty foods. It also causes the body to retain potassium which can result in cardiac arrythmias and hypotension.

From Quiz Hormones and Gland Diseases

Answer: Thyroid hormones

Graves disease is an autoimmune disease and with damage to the thyroid cells, the gland enlarges (goiter) and there is an increase secretion of triiodothyroxin and tetraiodothytroxin into the blood stream. Bulging eyes often occur in this disease.

From Quiz Hematology

Answer: Bone marrow and thymus

The bone marrow is where B lymphocytes mature and the thymus is where T lymphocytes mature. The spleen is a secondary lymphoid organ and is an organ where blood cells are stored. The liver is an important organ with many functions but lymphocytes do not mature here.

From Quiz Adrenal Diseases and Dysfunction

Answer: congenital adrenal hyperplasia

CAH, or congenital adrenal hyperplasia, most often results from hyposecretion of an adrenal enzyme called 21-hydroxylase.

From Quiz Hormones and Gland Diseases

Answer: Thyroid

A prolonged decrease in the serum levels of thyroid hormones eventually results in myxedema. All of the symptoms of hypothyroidism precede the development of this unusual edema which does not 'pit' when pressed with a finger.

From Quiz Hematology

Answer: glutamic acid to valine

The change of a polar amino acid (glutamic acid) to a non-polar amino acid (valine) exposes a hydrophobic pocket in the hemoglobin protein. Because of this, the Hemoglobin molecules form long fibers and distort the red blood cell shape under low Oxygen concentrations. A person must inherit 2 of the defective alleles from each parent to have sickle cell anemia. The DNA of a gene is transcribed to mRNA which is then translated to a protein. In this case, the defect in the gene is manifested by an abnormal protein.

From Quiz My Red, Red Blood

Answer: Hemorrhage

Hemorrhage occurs when there is damage to a blood vessel and blood oozes into the surrounding tissue. This is especially common after trauma to parts of the body. It is dangerous if a large blood vessel, like the aorta, is damaged and also if the hemorrhage occurs inside the head or cranium. Most massive hemorrhages require surgery to be corrected. In these surgeries, the blood that is outside the vessel is removed and the blood vessel is repaired.

From Quiz Hormones and Gland Diseases

Answer: Thyroid

Both pituitary (LH) and pituitary (FSH) stimulate testosterone production in the testes. The ovaries produce small amounts of androgens.

From Quiz Hematology

Answer: Acute myeloid leukemia

Auer rods are formed from the nonspecific granules in the cytoplasm of myeloid precursors (the white blood cells that are not lymphoid) fusing together. They are highly specific for myeloid leukemias. Megakaryocytic leukemia is from neoplasia of a megakaryoblast (a platelet precursor).

From Quiz My Red, Red Blood

Answer: Embolism

Embolism occurs commonly when a dislodged clot from inside the blood vessel is carried by blood to a distant site in the body. This clot that is carried by the blood is called an embolus. An embolus can be other solids like hair or fat, liquids like amniotic fluid and it can also be a gas like nitrogen. An embolism is dangerous and can lead to complications like infarction, in which the blood supply to a certain part of the body is blocked off by the embolus, which further leads to death of the tissue with no blood supply. When this happens in the heart, it is called myocardial infarction.

From Quiz Anemia Comes In All Sizes

Answer: Normal

If hemorrhage is acute, no change in cell size will have occurred. In fact, a specimen obtained soon enough after traumatic blood loss will still show normal blood counts. The drop in blood count occurs because blood volume is reconstituted with interstitial body fluids that contain no blood cells thus diluting the blood count.

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Last Updated Nov 16 2024 5:50 AM

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