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1. This famous leader of the Nez Perce Nation initially embraced Christianity and signed treaties with the US government. The discovery of gold on his ancestral land, however, provoked the Americans to renege on their treaty and led him to burn his Bible and denounce Christians. The Nez Perce eventually fled the US, being chased by the Army into Canada.
2. Qilombo de Palmares was a famous settlement in NE Brazil in the late 17th century. What was very unusual about this settlement, founded by a descendent from royalty, whose independence had lasted nearly a century during Portuguese colonial rule?
3. This Jamaican founded a 20th century movement to unify impoverished and disenfranchised African descended people, representing 40 nations under the motto "One God, One Aim, One Destiny." The largest anti-colonial movement bringing together Black people of the Caribbean, Central and South America, the United States, West Africa and Blacks in Europe, his creed of "Self-Reliance" and "Self-Determination," was influential to African independence movements and NY's Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s.
4. During the US War with Mexico, a famous battalion of US soldiers found themselves morally compelled to defect to the Mexican side. They fought valiantly to defend Mexico against what they believed was an unjust invasion by the US. There are streets and historical markers named for them all over the country. Which ethnic group that had recently arrived to the US as refugees, was this battalion of 175 men primarily comprised of?
5. Referred to as the "Martin L. King" of Puerto Rico, he is one of the founders of the Independence Movement. The "Treaty of Paris" had included no representatives of Puerto Rico to advocate for them when Spain "gave" the island to the US, after a hard won battle for independence from Spain. After US occupation, this man began calling for a "Constituent Convention," believing it was the only path to an independent Puerto Rico. As they intended to convene without involving the US government he became a marked man, eventually convicted of sedition and forced exile. While imprisoned he was tortured with radiation. Who is this icon/martyr of Puerto Rican history?
6. This revered Father of Cuban Independence from Spain gave his life on the battlefield. He had produced a great body of literary work, including politics, poetry and children' books. As a young boy he had witnessed a slave being hanged from a tree and developed a resentment of Spanish rule and a hatred of slavery. After exile in Europe and the US, he returned to Cuba invigorated with a passion for justice and independence. Verses from one of his poems would become a song known as "Guantanamera." Who is this Cuban icon of freedom?
7. This famous Native American Chief and his brother sought to unite many Tribal Nations into one confederacy and resist assimilation into American culture. While on a brief excursion away from his Indiana base camp, William Henry Harrison led a battalion against his Shawnee people which ended as a draw. When the British invaded the US again during the War of 1812, he fought on the side of the British and was killed in battle.
8. In the 1960s this movement took inspiration from the US Civil Rights movement and called for one person, one vote; an end to the gerrymandered local government boundaries; an end to discrimination in the allocation of housing; an end to discrimination in employment, and the repeal of the repressive Special Powers Act.
9. The roots of this term of self-determination/identification are found in the Nahuatl language of Indigenous Mexico. Over time the term came to define a 1960s movement within the south-western United States, of Americans who proudly identified with their Native American ancestry equally with their European ancestry, and acknowledged that they didn't immigrate to the US, but that the US had occupied their farms and ranches.
10. This group of organized and trained men and women emerged in the SF Bay Area in the 1960s as a response to police killings of unarmed Black citizens. They memorized CA statutes allowing citizens to carry weapons. They often stood watch with paper and pens to take badge numbers while police officers conducted their duties, as a warning to them to follow the laws. Among other social justice programs, they created a free breakfast program upon which the State of California, and eventually the federal government would pattern the Federal Free Lunch program. Which group called for freedom from oppression for "all poor people of all races?"
Source: Author
Yana63
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