The 1960s Scene/Seen Internationally Quiz

Answer: Herbert Marcuse

Herbert Marcuse (1898-1979) had the honor of working with the famous German philosopher Martin Heidegger. The Nazis prevented Marcuse from completing his work with Heidegger; consequently, Marcuse went to the Frankfurt Institute for Social Research. This was a change of direction which turned his attentions away from metaphysical philosophy to social analysis. Marcuse became an American citizen in 1940.

His first well-known book was "Eros and Civilization." (1955) This book has been called a major synthesis of Marx and Freud.

The 1964 "One Dimensional Man" was a rejection of social repression both in its capitalist and socialist forms. Marcuse proposes a "great refusal" of state oppression. He died on July 29, 1979 while on a trip to Germany.

Answer: Lenny Bruce

Lenny Bruce was the ever controversial social critic whose humor always cut to the core of often unspoken issues. In 1964, he was convicted of an obscenity charge. This charge was overturned posthumously thirty-seven years after his August 3, 1966 death.

He was said to die from "acute morphine poisoning caused by an accidental overdose." Bruce was supported by a diverse range of people such as Woody Allen, Bob Dylan, Jules Feiffer, Allen Ginsberg, Norman Mailer, William Styron, and James Baldwin, His tortured, brilliant life was the subject of the famous 1974 film "Lenny" with Dustin Hoffmnan brilliantly portraying his humor and his pain. http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/l/lenny_bruce.html

Answer: Tito (Josip Broz)

Tito was born May 25, 1892 and died May 4, 1980.
Tito bacame famous for standing up to Stalinist power and finally for being in charge of what became known as a special form of Communism: Titoism. Under Tito's direction, Yugoslavia was a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement. In 1961, Yugoslavia joined forces along with Egypt's Gamal Abdel Nasser, India's Jawaharlal Nehru, Indonesia's Sukarno and Ghana's Kwame Nkrumah, in an alliance called 'The Initiative of Five' (Tito, Nehru, Nasser, Sukarno, Nkrumah). This union established convincing ties with third world countries and did much to elevate Yugoslavia's stance in the international community.
When he died, his was the biggest statesman funeral in history. People turned out from both sides of the Cold War. People now say that his funeral was only equalled by the funeral of John Paul II in 2005.

Answer: Nancy Sinatra

Nancy Sinatra, daughter of Frank Sinatra, born in 1940, has been called "the First Lady of Rock and Roll." http://nancysinatra.com/about.html. She had more than 24 big hits and her style stood for freedom and independence. When she was four, Phil Silvers and Jimmy Van Heusen wrote "Nancy (With the Laughing Face)," which was recorded by Frank Sinatra.

Answer: Charles de Gaulle

He rejected it because he believed that the British did not have the necessary "political will". The British applied again in 1967 and the second application was again vetoed by de Gaulle. The third application, in 1972, after the death of de Gaulle, was successful and Britain, along with Denmark and the Republic of Ireland became members on 1 January 1973. (Ironically, the British representative at the meeting in Messina in 1955 that laid the foundations for the EEC had left early and predicted that the Community would never even get off the ground!)

De Gaulle, the President of the Fifth Republic, was engaged in a serious colonial battle over Algeria. Ultimately he lost this battle, and Algeria became an independent country in 1962. During the 1960s, De Gaulle was the object of various assassination attempts, including one in August 1962 which targeted him and his wife.

In keeping with De Gaulle's insistence on French independence in 1968 French scientists detonated a hydrogen bomb without American assistance. In another careful "slap" to Britain, de Gaulle argued that France needed to be the fourth nuclear power.

Answer: Monochrome painting

Robert Rauschenberg, says, "A canvas is never empty."
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochrome_painting
Monochrome painting began in Moscow, with a painting called "Suprematist Composition: White on White [2] of 1918" by Suprematist artist Kazimir Malevich. This painting was intimately related to his 1913 work "Black Square on a White Field."
People have said that the great Nobel Prize Winning novelist Samuel Beckett spoke of dedicating his life to art criticism rather than to literature after seeing monochrome paintings.

Answer: Fidel Castro

In 1945, Fidel Castro went to law school in Havana Cuba. During this time, there were a lot of fractionalism and violent squabbles among people opposed to the dictatorship. Castro apparently experienced an ephiphany then which he called a "great moment of decision." Over the following years, there was much violence and contention until finally Castro left his law practice to join a group of people who attacked Monclada Barracks.

Many were killed in this battle, but Castro and his brother were able to flee to the mountains. Finally, he formed the '26th of July Movement'. This movment gained more and more internal support, along with that of South American revolutionaries such as Ernesto Che Guevara. Finally, after many battles, on January 8, 1959, Castro's army moved victoriously into Havana. Batista fled to the Dominican Republic on New Year's Day 1959.

Answer: the maple leaf

Its introduction as an image in 1965 was the first time a national flag had been formally chosen to replace the Union Flag. The Canadian Red Ensign had been used since the 1890s. In 1964, Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson appointed a committee to come to a conclusion about the flag matter; this decision brought about a rancorous debate about any flag change.

The maple leaf flag made its first appearance on February 15, 1965, and the date is now honored every year as National Flag Day of Canada.

Answer: Cultural Revolution

Many now see this time as one in which Mao tried to consolidate his power, especially because of the failed effort to improve the economic situation in The Great Leap Forward. Some say that as many as 43 million people may have starved during this time.

In 1969 Mao said the "Cultural Revolution" was over, but many believe that it only ended in 1976 when The Gang of Four were arrested. The revolution was a time when people passionately believed they had to get rid of the "four Olds": 1) Customs, 2)Culture, 3) Habits, and 4) Ideas.

Much of the energy of this movement came from the young, eager to declare their commitment to a completely radical, non-bourgeois China.

Answer: Sharpeville Massacre

Since the early twentieth century, the physical movement of blacks in South Africa was controlled by what were called "pass laws." Before the massacre, the Apartheid-supporting National Party government under the leadership of Hendrik Verwoerd used these pass laws to enforce even more segregation. The Nationalist Party had changed these laws include the movements of women.

Answer: George Wallace

Wallace ran for president of the USA in 1964 and got one third of the Democratic primary vote in Wisconsin, Maryland, and Indiana. He was shot by Arthur Bremer in 1972. This shooting left him paralyzed. He died in a hospital in 1998.

Two statements on his part explain him well:
"On one occasion, when asked by a reporter which contemporary American political figure he most admired, he paused thoughtfully for a moment, smiled, and said: 'Myself.'" and
"In the name of the greatest people that have ever trod this earth, I draw the line in the dust and toss the gauntlet before the feet of tyranny, and I say segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever."
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Wallace

Answer: Etta James

James is the winner of four Grammys, seventeen Blues Music Awards, and was inducted into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame in 1993, the Blues Hall of Fame in 2001, and the Grammy Hall of Fame both in 1999 and 2008.
Jamesetta Hawkins was born in Los Angeles, California to an unmarried African-American mother, Dorothy Hawkins. James would say that her mother told her that her father was the white Rudolph "Minnesota Fats" Wanderone, and that they got monetary support in exchange for hiding the fact of his paternity.
She created and sang her response to Hank Ballard's song "Work With Me Annie." This response would become "The Wallflower" or "Dance With Me Henry." In spite of health and drug problems, she kept recording until late in the 20th century. In 2003, she got a star in the Hollywood Hall of Fame. Rolling Stone rated her number 62 in the 100 greatest artists of all time.

Answer: Abraham Maslow

Maslow saw people with an unlimited capacity for growth and change. He had a very organized system he called a "Hierarchy of Needs." Although he thought few people would in fact become "self-actualized" his notion that a minority of people were capable of creating change, his hopefulness about positive change was influential to many participants in social movements in the 1960's.

Answer: Jacques-Marie-Émile Lacan

Jacques Lacan studied medicine and psychoanalysis. In ground-breaking lectures and writings, he radically redefined the nature of the self and subjectivity. He introduced concepts like "Mirror Stage," "Symbolic" and "Imaginary." These concepts are all a part of a generalized questioning of the nature of language and self.
As part of the active theorizing taking place in poststructuralist conversations in France, Lacan developed highly radical thoughts like "the 'I' must come to the place where the 'id' was."

Answer: Dr. Christiaan Barnard

Barnard led a team on 3rd December 1967 which performed the first human heart transplant. He replaced a diabetic's failing heart with a heart he obtained from an accident victim. His first patient survived eighteen days. His second patient nineteen months. Then he did a double transplant. In 1977, he used an animal heart as a temporary substitution. When he retired in 1983, he devoted time finding a way to slow the aging process. He is said to have dated Sofia Loren and Gina Lollabrigida.
He had previously performed the first kidney transplant in South Africa, 1959.

Answer: England

England's victory in the 1966 football World Cup is one of the proudest moments in 20th century British sports. Geoff Hurst's hat-trick, the "disputed third goal," (and all surrounding that moment) have become the stuff of legend.

Answer: Soft contact lens

In 1965 Bausch and Lomb produced the lenses used in the cameras that took the first satellite pictures of the moon. Obviously, this capability was of amazing usefulness in subsequent moon landings.
Otto Wichterle (a Czech chemist) invented this back in 1960. He produced a number of prototypes and experimental lenses. The U.S. rights were acquired by Bausch and Lomb, who commenced commercial production.

Answer: Halogen light lamp

Halogen lamps become hotter than regular incandescent lamps because the heat is concentrated in a smaller surface, and because the surface is nearer the filament. This high temperature is necessary for optimal operation. Because the halogen lamp operates at such temperatures, users must be careful to avoid fire and burn hazards.

Answer: Michael Collins

The dream of going to the moon occurred in fiction in Jules Verne's 1865 novel "From the Earth to the Moon."

Michael Collins intially was going to be Command Modular Pilot on Apollo 8 but his back surgery caused him to be replaced. Collins said of the experience, "We have always had confidence that this equipment will work properly. All this is possible only through the blood, sweat, and tears of a number of a people." http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969_moon_landing

Answer: left

Janis Joplin lived from January 19, 1943 until October 4, 1970. Her thought here describes in part the uniqueness of her art.
"When I'm there, I'm not here," Janis said later. "I can't talk about my singing; I'm inside it. How can you describe something you're inside of?"