Connect the Dots (To a Disease) Quiz

Answer: Mesoderm, endoderm, ectoderm

Dot 1: The three germ layers (mesoderm, endoderm, ectoderm).

The three germ layers are the endoderm, mesoderm and the ectoderm.

The ectoderm develops into the hair, nails, teeth, nose and sebaceous glands.
The mesoderm develops into the circulatory system, kidney, gonads, muscles, etc.
The endoderm develops into the liver, lungs, urinary bladder, pancreas and intestines and stomach.

There is another entity called the neural crest that develops into the brain and spinal cord.

Answer: Neoplasia

Dot 2: Neoplasia

Neoplasia means abnormal proliferation at a rate that may be uncontrollable. It leads to an abnormal mass called a neoplasm. It may be benign or malignant.

Anaplasia is the absence or lack of differentiation of the cells. It is very common in neoplasms.

Dysplasia generally refers to an abnormality in the type of cell. Immature forms of affected cells are most commonly seen in dysplasia.

Metaplasia means the conversion of one type of differentiated or mature cell into a completely different type of cell.

Answer: a lump and pain in that area when touched

Dot 3: Lump and tenderness

Tumefaction can in other words be called a lump or a swelling. Tenderness means pain in an area when it is touched. Swelling may occur in edema or a circulatory disorder in addition to trauma and cancer. Pain may or may not be associated with a type of swelling or lump.

Answer: Ovary

Dot 4: Ovary

The broad ligament and suspensory ligament give support and hold the ovaries in place in the pelvic cavity. PCOS is polycystic ovary syndrome. Symptoms include hirsuitism, menstrual abnormalities and obesity. It is due to abnormal hormone secretion by the ovaries.

Answer: The word 'idiopathic' implies that the cause of a disease is unknown

Dot 5: Idiopathic (unknown cause)

The word 'idiopathic' means that the cause of the disease may be unknown, even if the treatment methods are known and doable. ITP is idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in which the platelet count in the blood is very low and it has no known cause. Treatment can be by giving steroids and antibodies. It is considered as an autoimmune disease.

Answer: Ovarian cancer

Dot 6: 'not' Ovarian cancer

Ovarian cancer is a neoplasm that occurs in the ovarian tissue. The most common symptoms would include abnormalities in urination, menstruation, incidence of pain and swelling in pelvic region. Ovarian cancers are further classified into different types. Brenner tumor is a type of surface epithelial-stromal tumor of the ovary. Prognostic factors of ovarian cancer are metastasis and stage, to name a few.

Phyllodes is a type of breast tumor. Seminoma is classified under testicular cancer. And chondrocarcinoma is a tumor of the cartilage.

Answer: 1) Teeth; 2) Hair; 3) Bone

Dot 7: Teeth, hair and bone.

Amelogenesis imperfecta is an anomaly of the teeth in which the dysfunction of proteins causes the enamel to form abnormally.
Ambras syndrome is also called hypertrichosis and it is a hair disorder in which there is excess hair growth all over the body.
Paget's disease of bone is a disorder in which the shapes of the bones are distorted due to the rapid metabolism of bone tissue. It can cause pain and instability.

Answer: Surgical intervention

Dot 8: Surgical intervention

Surgical intervention is needed to drain fluid out of the sac in hydrocoele. Hydrocoele is caused due to embryonic remnants that persist or excessive trauma to the testicular region. Hydrocoele doesn't have any relation to the reduction in fertility.

Answer: Sacrococcygeal symphysis

Dot 9: Sacrococcygeal symphysis.

The sacrococcygeal symphysis is a type of joint that comes under the functional classification of amphiarthrosis, which means that it allows only little mobility in one direction or maybe two. Usually, a symphysis comes under this type of joint.

Answer: Teratoma

The disease is teratoma.

First, dots 1-9 are, in order, three germ layers, neoplasm, a lump and tenderness, ovary, idiopathic, 'not' Ovarian cancer, teeth & hair & bone, surgical intervention and sacrococcygeal symphysis.

Now this is how these dots connect to teratoma:

Teratoma is a neoplasm that arises from the three germ layers. It presents as a lump and has tenderness attached to it most often. Teratomas can occur in the ovary (teratoma of ovary) and is very often confused with ovarian cancer, i.e., it is NOT ovarian cancer, although some may classify it under the broad type of ovarian cancer. Its cause/origin is usually idiopathic and hard to determine. Bone, teeth and hair resembling structures can be found embedded in teratomas very often. Surgical intervention is a way to treat teratomas and finally, sacrococcygeal teratomas are the most common form of teratomas. It occurs behind the coccyx.