PENNSYLVANIA Trivia Quiz

Answer: vein

These are vessels which take blood towards the heart. Except for the four pulmonary veins leaving the lungs, these structures generally transport blood reduced in oxygen.

Answer: Saliva

Produced by the salivary glands, about 1 to 2 liters of this fluid is made every day and poured into the oral cavity .It's consist mainly of water, salts, mucin, protein and an enzyme called ptyalin which starts digestion of starches.
Being slightly alkaline, saliva helps to regulate the acidity of the mouth and hence reduce the incidence of tooth decay. It also helps to prevent plaque from attaching to the teeth easily.
An individual should therefore guard against dry mouth or if using certain medications that cause dry mouth, eg antihistamines, antidepressants and cardiac drugs, increase intake of water (providing this is not contra indicated). Chewing sugar free gum is also helpful. Alcohol, soda and caffeine should be curtailed.

Answer: pain

Pain is a personal sensation of discomfort signaling actual or impending tissue injury. Acute pain is usually of sudden onset and is temporary.
Chronic pain persists for an indefinite period. The onset is usually gradual and may be associated with chronic disease--malignant or non malignant.

Answer: pelvis

The pelvis is located between the abdominal cavity and the lower extremities. It's bounded posteriorly by the sacrum and coccyx and anterolaterally by the two innominate or hip bones.

Answer: lipase

The main lipase produced in the body is human pancreatic lipase (HPL). Lipase breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol.

Answer: saline

The two basic types of intravenous fluids used in resuscitation are crystalloids and colloids. Crystalloids are transparent fluids consisting mainly of water and mineral salts. Normal saline 0.9%, is a common example of a crystalloid fluid.
Colloids have larger molecules. Examples are albumin and blood.

Answer: apnea

There are different types of apnea;
1.Central Apnea in which the individual does not take a breath following exhalation.
2.Obstructive Apnea in which the individual takes a breath but there's no air flow due to obstruction.
3.Mixed Apnea in which both of the above takes place in the same apneic episode.

Conditions associated with apnea include respiratory distress syndrome, sepsis, head injury, seizures and use of drugs which suppress respiration. Obese people are predisposed to Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA).

Answer: anvil

The middle ear contains three small bones which are responsible for transmission of sound vibration. These bones are the malleus, anvil/incus and the stapes.

Answer: spine

The vertebral column is shaped like an elongated S and is comprised of 33 bones. 24 of these bones are articulate being separated by inter-vertebral discs, and 9 are fused.
From top to bottom, these vertebrae are grouped as 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, five sacral(fused as one bone) and 4 coccygeal (tail bones).
The vertebral column houses the spinal cord.

Answer: pineal

The pineal gland, also called the pineal body or "third eye, is a cone-shaped structure located in the cranial cavity behind the eyes. Functions include secretion of a substance called melatonin which causes rhythmic body changes in response to light.

A person tends to feel sleepy at nights when melatonin level is high and awake during the day when levels are low. Melatonin also helps to prevent premature puberty.