Peace On Our Earth Trivia Quiz

Answer: north

It is a common practice for maps to be drawn so that the top of the map is the northern edge of what is being charted. Many times a compass rose, which displays the cardinal directions, will embellish the north indicator with an arrow, as seen in the picture, or further embellish the north point more than the others.

The compass rose found in the picture is from the 1375 "Catalan Atlas". It is considered to be the first compass rose found on a map.

Answer: crater

Craters on the surface of the earth can form in a variety of ways. An impact crater occurs when a meteorite strikes the planet, or an explosion crater can be made when an explosion, such as a nuclear explosion, happens underground. Volcanic craters occur after volcanic activity and include a caldera, which can form after a magma flows, a maar, which occurs after a volcanic explosion, and a volcanic crater lake, where water fills in a crater after volcanic activity takes place.

The crater lake in the picture is Katmai Crater, which is found on Mt. Katmai in Alaska, in the United States.

Answer: ocean

According to which book is read, there are either four or five oceans found on the surface of the earth. These include, in order of size, the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, and Arctic. The fifth ocean that is mentioned in some sources is the Southern or Antarctic Ocean. Oceans cover almost 71% of the earth's surface and consist of salt water. An arm of an ocean is called a sea, which is at least partly surrounded by land and smaller in size than an ocean.

The ocean in the picture is the Pacific, which was named by Ferdinand Magellan in 1520 during his famous circumnavigation. He thought it was peaceful after his ships had to sail through storms in the Cape Horn area.

Answer: tarn

The word tjörn, which became tarn, is originated from Old Norse. It is a small mountain lake that does not have any tributaries. Tarns are formed as the result of glaciation activity that digs out a basin in a mountain. As the glacier melts the water is then caught in the basin and a tarn is formed. The Lake District, located in Cumbria in Northern England, is very famous for its tarns, many of which are about the size of ponds.

There are, however, tarns found worldwide. The ones in the picture are from Rila Mountain in Bulgaria.

Answer: tephra

When a volcano erupts, the materials that are ejected are called tephra or pyroclasts. These materials may consist of pieces of magma or minerals that were inside the volcanic vent before eruption took place. Once the materials reach the ground they are also called tephra as long as they do not fuse together. Tephra is grouped according to size, with ash being the smallest type, then lapilli being medium in size, and volcanic blocks being the largest.

Tephra is found all over the earth near where volcanoes are located. The picture of tephra was taken at Chimborazo Volcano in Ecuador.

Answer: tor

It is believed that the English word, tor, is derived from the Old Welsh "tẁrr or twr", which means "cluster or heap". The term "kopje" is commonly used in South Africa. Tors are caused by the erosion of various types of rocks, including granite and dolomite. This erosion can create quite interesting features, such as Haytor Rocks, located in Southwest England.

The tor in the picture is called Vixen Tor, and it is located in Dartmoor, England on private property.

Answer: neap

A neap tide occurs after the first and third quarters of the moon. It is the time when there is not much difference between low tide and high tide. This is caused because of the position of both the sun and the moon relative to earth at that time, which effectively counterbalances the effects of each. At this time the tidal ranges are 10-30% lower than the average.

Answer: chart

Nautical charts are used in a variety of ways. They are maps that can show water depth, underwater topography, the outline of the shoreline, as well as features, such as bridges and buildings that were added by humans. The creation of the first type of nautical chart is credited to Marinus of Tyre c. 100 AD, and was called a plane chart. It worked well in small seas, but not for the open water. Actually, a chart is really a visual representation of data, and can relate to more areas than just navigation. There are bar charts, pie charts, area charts, and many more.

The 1571 nautical chart in the picture, a plane chart, is credited to Fernão Vaz Dourado, a Portuguese cartographer.

Answer: trench

A trench may be formed either by erosion, tectonic plate activity, or man. It is typically deeper than it is wide. The Great Rift Valley is an example of an above the ground trench made by tectonic plate activity. It is 4300 miles in length and varies in width from about 19-62 miles. At its deepest point, found in Lake Tanganyika, it measures 4820 feet.

The trench shown in the picture is the Mariana Trench, the deepest trench in the world. It is located in the Pacific Ocean. It is believed to measure approximately 1,580 miles in length x 43 mi in width, and its maximum known depth is 136,037 feet.

Answer: arete

French for "edge or ridge", an arete is a narrow mountain ridge that separates two valleys. The formation is caused by glaciation and weathering.

Striding Edge, which is shown in the picture, is a very popular site for scrambles in the UK, and it is advertised as a Grade 1 scramble, which should be achievable for most people. A scramble is considered to be an easy or moderate climb for rock climbers, who scale rocks by walking and using their hands. While it's more than a simple hike, it isn't as involved as mountain climbing.